<div dir="ltr">To continue the conversation Pedro led last week.<div><br></div><div>cheers,</div><div><br clear="all"><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34);margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><div style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><div style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><b style="color:rgb(32,33,36)"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:8pt;line-height:11.4133px;background-image:initial;background-repeat:initial">Patr</span></b><b style="color:rgb(32,33,36);font-size:12.8px"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:8pt;line-height:11.4133px;background-image:initial;background-repeat:initial">i</span></b><b style="color:rgb(32,33,36);font-size:12.8px"><span style="font-size:8pt;line-height:11.4133px;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;background-image:initial;background-repeat:initial">cia Hidalgo-Gonzalez</span></b><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;color:rgb(84,141,212)"> </span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,32,96)"><br></span></span></div><div style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,32,96)">Assistant Professor, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering</span></span></div><div style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><span style="color:rgb(0,32,96);font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:10.6667px">Affiliate Member, Center for Energy Research</span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,32,96)"><br></span></span></div><div style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><span style="color:rgb(0,32,96);font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:10.6667px">Director, Renewable Energy + Advanced Mathematics Laboratory</span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,32,96)"><br></span></span></div><div style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(166,166,166);font-size:8pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif">University of California San Diego</span></div></div><div style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif" size="1"><font color="#0000ff"><a href="https://patyhidalgo.github.io" target="_blank">REAM Lab website</a></font><br></font><div style="color:rgb(80,0,80)"><div style="font-family:UICTFontTextStyleBody;margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;display:inline"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:10.6667px"><font color="#999999">(Pronouns: She/Her/Hers)</font></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">---------- Forwarded message ---------<br>From: <strong class="gmail_sendername" dir="auto">Patricia Hidalgo-Gonzalez</strong> <span dir="auto"><<a href="mailto:paty.hidalgo.g@gmail.com">paty.hidalgo.g@gmail.com</a>></span><br>Date: Mon, Sep 27, 2021 at 1:24 PM<br>Subject: Fwd: Grid-Friendly PV to enhance the value of solar electricity as solar and storage penetrations increase<br>To: Patricia Hidalgo-Gonzalez <<a href="mailto:phidalgogonzalez@eng.ucsd.edu">phidalgogonzalez@eng.ucsd.edu</a>><br></div><br><br><div dir="ltr"><br><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">---------- Forwarded message ---------<br>From: <strong class="gmail_sendername" dir="auto">Electricity Markets & Policy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</strong> <span dir="auto"><<a href="mailto:admills@lbl.gov" target="_blank">admills@lbl.gov</a>></span><br>Date: Fri, Sep 24, 2021 at 1:22 PM<br>Subject: Grid-Friendly PV to enhance the value of solar electricity as solar and storage penetrations increase<br>To: <<a href="mailto:paty.hidalgo.g@gmail.com" target="_blank">paty.hidalgo.g@gmail.com</a>><br></div><br><br><u></u>
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<div><div><div style="text-align:right" align="right"><span style="font-size:16px;color:rgb(18,116,165);font-family:Trebuchet MS,Verdana,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:bold">September 24, 2021</span></div></div></div>
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<div><div><div style="text-align:left" align="left"><span style="font-size:28px;color:rgb(235,116,38);font-family:Trebuchet MS,Verdana,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:bold">Project developer options to enhance the value of solar electricity as solar and storage penetrations increase</span></div></div></div>
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<div>Increasing the penetration of photovoltaics (PV) reduces the marginal grid value of PV electricity, which potentially limits solar deployment and thus impedes the achievement of decarbonization goals. PV project developers can alter the design of plants in ways that preserve this value. Developers can make simple tilt and azimuth adjustments or incorporate more transformational changes such as vertical bifacial modules, provision of ancillary services, and addition of energy storage.</div>
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<div>A new study from Berkeley Lab, appearing in Applied Energy, analyzes the net value (accounting for both cost and grid value) of these strategies in the United States. The study offers a comprehensive analysis of the cost and value of multiple standalone and hybrid PV+storage configurations across various solar penetrations associated with historical and projected U.S. wholesale power prices.</div>
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<div>Some key findings:</div>
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<li>Alternative PV design options can help maintain PV’s grid value, but the net value of different choices varies with system-wide solar penetration.</li>
<li>The established and emerging strategies designed to shift the timing of standalone PV generation at the expense of total generation result in minor net-value benefits or penalties.</li>
<li>Adding energy storage to the various PV configurations alters the cost and value results dramatically.</li>
<li>Configurations of the PV subsystem that change the timing of PV production become redundant with the addition of the energy-shifting capabilities of storage.</li>
<li>The largest net-value gains come from strategies that maximize generation (solar tracking plus oversized PV arrays) in conjunction with storage, especially at high PV penetrations.</li>
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<div><span style="font-weight:bold">Options for shifting the timing of PV production</span></div>
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<div><span style="color:rgb(76,76,76)">We evaluate the grid value and costs of grid-friendly PV options using wholesale market prices from a major trading hub in California (SP15) near the center of existing PV deployment in California. Figure 2 shows the cost and value of a subset of grid-friendly configurations relative to the base PV plant. </span></div>
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<div><span style="color:rgb(76,76,76)">The largest increases in value relative to the base PV plant are achieved by better aligning production timing with high wholesale prices that signal times of greatest grid needs. The value of the grid-friendly options relative to the base PV plant depends on system-wide solar penetration, which increases from 1.4% in 2012 to 16.3% in 2018. With higher solar penetration, the timing of the highest wholesale prices shifts from summer afternoons to summer evenings, whereas the lowest prices occur midday in non-summer months. </span></div>
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<div><span style="color:rgb(76,76,76)">The impact of higher solar penetration on value added by a grid-friendly option depends on the way production is shifted by the option. PV plants with tracking, the vertical bifacial configuration, or storage have greater value at 16.3% penetration than at 1.4% penetration because each option shifts solar production to higher-priced hours in the mornings and, especially, in late afternoons to evening, relative to the base PV plant. </span></div>
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<div><span style="color:rgb(76,76,76)">In contrast, the increased value of west-facing PV is greater at 1.4% than at 16.3% solar penetration. At 1.4% penetration, westward orientation aligns peak PV production with peak wholesale prices in the summer, at around 2–3 pm. At 16.3% penetration, summer prices peak after 6 pm; westward orientation still increases grid value, but the increase is less than when penetration is 1.4%. This finding suggests limits on the effectiveness of west-facing PV for mitigating declining marginal grid value with higher solar penetration.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size:12px;font-weight:bold">Figure 1. Value and Cost of Grid-Friendly PV Options Relative to the Base PV Plant in California.</span><span style="font-size:12px"> Alternatives that increase value by more than they increase costs relative to the base PV plant are on the upper left side of the dashed line. The gray oval marked “CAISO*” illustrates how value and cost vary with alternative locations across CAISO.</span>
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<div><span style="font-weight:bold">Maximizing the benefits of storage via high PV production </span></div>
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<div>We show that the attractiveness of adding storage to PV depends on the configuration of the PV subsystem (i.e., of the PV elements of the solar+storage system)—mostly because of cost differences rather than value differences. Also, the configurations of the PV subsystem that change the timing of PV production become redundant with the addition of the energy-shifting capabilities of storage.</div>
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<div>Irrespective of the PV subsystem production profile, the output of solar+storage hybrid plants during the highest-priced summer evening hours is similar. Storage acts as a buffer that can shift limited energy from any time during the day to the highest-priced hours in the early evening; thus, hybrid performance during high-priced hours is largely independent of the PV subsystem production profile.</div>
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<div>In particular, PV subsystem configurations that sacrifice overall production to better align solar production with times of system need (such as the west-facing and vertical bifacial configurations) are less attractive with storage than options that increase annual production, such as the 1.7 ILR AC-coupled hybrid (Figure 2). This result contrasts with our analysis of standalone PV configurations (Figure 1), in which PV with a 1.7 ILR is no more attractive than the base PV plant.</div>
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<div>Further increasing production by combining a high ILR, tracking, and DC-coupled batteries results in the most attractive hybrid option. The net value of the DC-coupled, 1.7-ILR tracking configuration exceeds the net value of the standalone tracking PV plant in CAISO using wholesale prices from a year with high PV penetration.</div>
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<span style="font-size:12px;color:rgb(54,73,95);font-weight:bold">Figure 2. Difference in Net Value of Standalone and Hybrid Grid-Friendly PV Options Relative to the Net Value of the Base PV Plant</span><span style="font-size:12px;color:rgb(54,73,95)">. Net value is the difference between the value of a configuration and its levelized cost relative to the base PV plant. </span>
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<div><span style="font-weight:bold">Conclusion: Generation-maximizing strategies with high PV penetration </span></div>
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<div>Strategies that maximize PV generation—including solar tracking and oversized PV arrays—provide the largest net-value gains when combined with storage, especially at high PV penetrations. Under almost all the scenarios we analyze, a DC-coupled hybrid plant with a high ILR and single-axis tracking provides the most net value when the PV penetration is high. This finding aligns with the growing commercial interest in hybrid solar+storage plants. Based on our results, the rise of hybrid solar+storage plants fundamentally changes the design space for PV configurations.</div>
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<div>“<a href="https://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=0016Adj9c7VYjW8XM-5hlrTtnsdDHUx0peupq7Tu1Z9Q0UkUzqnwXXMzXycfCYWLFhYi3JMGYYuNVa3hm4UlTA8nbKzfJWPfQ3qlNL8-gmYB5IE-5LS8QUObC25DIQuAX1QmigQ4cHsbsILs3lSvZ2kNyZ-J3rDT8tfWTXB3J-dJN2Jq91jW67ZX65ufjogsLzhPMNLKQv3lWU=&c=lCvkSlXRFNHyKvDbz884q6Ay58giTk9lvSrJnO8JuGOhiBpu757b9A==&ch=lDt4cMRR1ZOHhqOwsxHms6gdIVfH5E36K_XDCJcHHqNnhhJLpX57Og==" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#0000ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Project developer options to enhance the value of solar electricity as solar and storage penetrations increase</a>” was authored by James Hyungkwan Kim, Andrew D. Mills, Ryan Wiser, Mark Bolinger, Will Gorman, Cristina Crespo Montañes, Eric O’Shaughnessy, all of the Electricity Markets and Policy Department at Berkeley Lab.</div>
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<div>Register for a free webinar with the authors on October 6, 2021, at 10 am PT / 1 pm ET. Registration link: <a href="https://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=0016Adj9c7VYjW8XM-5hlrTtnsdDHUx0peupq7Tu1Z9Q0UkUzqnwXXMzXycfCYWLFhYxAvux6BQoMCPAtsAqGrg_5_12L9g1M8hvvskVC2fvkwUHmqUDBOCtPAu-IqlcPaDYjd1xWlYkh5vP7NRDDtk8xKX5lzqZPJw2JSnA8E1B5IF98U9EiJ6Tt5hv16ZO0zpIxGRFeZ0qAE=&c=lCvkSlXRFNHyKvDbz884q6Ay58giTk9lvSrJnO8JuGOhiBpu757b9A==&ch=lDt4cMRR1ZOHhqOwsxHms6gdIVfH5E36K_XDCJcHHqNnhhJLpX57Og==" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#0000ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://lbnl.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_bC--WGnDT22EW_FJ1a_Eqw</a>
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<div>We appreciate the funding support of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.</div>
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